Vatican Radio says Pham died Sunday in Hanoi.

His death came days after the Vatican and Vietnam said they had laid a good basis for establishing diplomatic relations. Tensions have existed for years, Communist authorities closely monitor religious groups and insist on approving most church appointments.

Vatican Radio said Pham, who was archbishop from 1994-2005, had been under virtual house arrest while archbishop. As a result, it said, he dedicated himself to studying the Gospels, Christian doctrine and sacramental poetry.

The Associated Press - february 24, 2009